& D. D. Keck. Wb p Bookshelf Carduus pycnocephalus L, which is related to the Astraceae family, was well-known as a privileged medicinal plant that has innumerable respected biological potency. Where a presentation is not available, find more information by reading the abstract in the Cal-IPC Symposia Archive. Ex. Its inability to reproduce vegetatively makes control easier, but constant monitoring will be necessary due to its potentially long seed dormancy (to 8 years). Calflora: Information on California plants for education, research and conservation, with data contributed by public and private institutions and individuals, including the Consortium of California Herbaria. In southern Europe, all major parts of C. pycnocephalus plants are damaged by one or more insect species, whereas in southern California the thistles are relatively free of insect damage. Phyllary (flower head scale) margins are not scarious, unlike its close relative, C. tenuiflorus. The effects of prescribed fire on C. pycnocephalus also need investigation. Cauline leaves are tomentose on the underside and contain spines on the . The hydroalcoholic extracts of four wild edible Carduus species collected in Sardinia (Carduus argyroa Biv., Carduus nutans subsp. Larvae of Rhinocyllus conicus feed within the flowerheads of C. pycnocephalus, mining the receptacle and destroying the developing achenes (Goeden 1974, 1978). Carduus pycnocephalus Name Synonyms Carduus arabicus subsp. It survives best at low temperatures with short photoperiods (Kok 1979). Nile and Mediterranean regions, eastern desert, and Sinai. 2007. This is partly due to its germination requirements and timing. It is a host species for the introduced weevil, Rhinocilus conicus, which also attacks native thistles. In California, more than 40 species of indigenous or introduced phytophagous insects have adopted this alien weed as an alternate food-plant, at least 15 of which also find it a suitable reproduc- tive host. 8600 Rockville Pike The use of herbicides to control C. pycnocephalus may not be appropriate on natural areas such as Nature Conservancy preserves. The ITS region was sequenced in parallel, and a PCR-RFLP method was applied with three selective restriction enzymes. The multiple stems are winged with spines. The weevil was released on infestations of Italian and slender-flower thistles at 16 sites in 11 counties in northern California during 1975-77 with establishment at most of the sites (Hawkes et al. Flowers are purple. ), 2006-2023 California Invasive Plant Council. hC:2r)#OH93 0@cxC1!8,j`Ma# 2pXC3,F7h@6KA #;KqAS$ alA0@7-: 1*KP;Kj/Q2cH#65SLK1IH8-:DL`@U`AWVeV Seed dispersal by water and on animals and machinery is less important (Parsons 1973). [3], The plant grows in a rosettes of 1014 inches (2536cm) in diameter, with four to ten lobed basal leaves that are 46 inches (1015cm) long. Generally it does poorly on the surface of a bare seedbed, but on the surface of clay soils it shows 70% germination. Contact: Larry Serpa, Area Manager. (2005) have reported the presence subsp. Selective weed oils: There are several petroleum oils used for weed control. 2,4-D is available in ester, amine, emulsifiable acid, and low volatile ester formulations. Epub 2019 Feb 22. Weed class: A Slenderflower thistle, Carduus tenuiflorus, is similar but it generally has more flowerheads (5-20), than Italian thistle, Carduus pycnocephalus (1-5 flowerheads). Bendall (1974) found that 85% of Carduus pycnocephalus seeds produce germination inhibitors, but they are readily leached. Italian thistle invades pastures and rangeland. Certorhynchus trimaculatus occurs in Europe and northern Africa (Bolt et al. Leaves are pinnately lobed into spiny-lobed segments, with the terminal spine being most prominent. The search for its natural enemies has included Italy, Greece, Iran, and Pakistan, as well as southern California (Baloch et al. Statistical analyses, on both chemical and biomolecular results, revealed that individuals clustered according to their taxonomic classification. Several management techniques appear promising, and integrated control operations involving a combination of practices need investigation. This weevil has been studied in depth as a candidate biological control agent by USDA entomologists and may be usefully employed against C. pycnocephalus and other Carduus species in North America in the near future" (Goeden 1974). MECHANICAL CONTROL. On soils of naturally high fertility, thistle invasion can be expected at an earlier stage than on poorer soils. 1979). Flavonoids and caffeoylquinic acid derivatives were the predominant classes of secondary metabolites characterizing the extracts. The brown seeds do not usually dehisce from the seedheads, and this may be important in the establishment of these seeds in the seedbed litter (Evans et al. Carduus pycnocephalus is a thistle that is native to the Mediterranean region and some other countries further north or east. other members of the genus Carduus such as C. pycnocephalus have been reported to have potent antiinflammatory activity (Conforti et al., 2009). Carduus pycnocephalus L. 3,132 2,252 Observations Slender thistle, Slender winged thistle, Slender-flower thistle, Sheep thistle, Plymouth thistle, Shore thistle, Woolly thistle, Winged slender thistle, Italian thistle, Italian plumeless thistle Carduus pycnocephalus L. World flora Family Compositae Genus . Vyuvejte je pro komunikaci s Vaimi klienty a vlastn prezentaci. The seeds start to germinate in the fall with the first effective rain. Berkeley, California: The Calflora . According to Goeden (1974), C. pycnocephalus serves as an alternative food-plant or breeding host to a diversity of phytophagous insects, most of which are euryphagous, ectophagous, sap- or foliage-feeding species. Chem Biodivers. This species has been studied in depth by USDA entomologists as a natural enemy of musk thistle, but certainly should also be considered for importation into California for C. pycnocephalus control" (Goeden 1974). Were sorry, but GBIF doesnt work properly without JavaScript enabled. The growth of C. pycnocephalus is favored more by the addition of nitrogen than by phosphorus or potassium. Bendall (1974) describes a grazing control method that has proven successful in Australia: thistle-infested areas are closed to grazing in the fall when seedlings appear. Carduus pycnocephalus is an annual herb that is not native to California. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted It is widely distributed in disturbed open sites, roadsides, pastures, annual grasslands, and waste areas across much of California. Flowerheads narrow and in terminal clusters of 1 to 5. Carduus pycnocephalus (Italian thistle) is a winter annual forb (family Asteraceae) that is native to the Mediterranean region of southern Europe, northern Africa, western Asia. subsp. It survives best at low temperatures with short photoperiods (Kok 1979). It crowds out more desirable forage, as well as native plants, and excludes livestock grazing where infestations are dense. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL. [2] Naturalized as a weed. Before However, caution must be exercised when using these products, and their use is not always appropriate, especially near water surfaces and other sensitive natural habitats. It persists in the soil for 1-4 weeks. APPLYING HERBICIDES: Herbicides can be applied uniformly over an area (for large infestations) or by spot spraying only the individual plants. These species are Psylliodes chalsomera, Rhinocyllus conicus, and Ceutorhynchuys trimaculatus. Management Research Needs: A great deal of research has been conducted on Carduus species throughout the world, but much more needs to be done on Carduus pycnocephalus. Seedlings grow through the winter as rosettes and produce flowering stalks in the late spring before the summer drought. C. pycnocephalus can germinate at a variety of soil depths. Element Stewardship Abstract; Don Pitcher, Mary J. Russo (revision), 1986. Seed germination rate in Carduus pycnocephalus is very high, ranging between 83-96%. C. pycnocephalus apparently arrived in California during the 1930s (Goeden 1974). Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Serv., U.S.D.A. Bracts at the base of flowerheads are stiff and upright with forward pointing hairs. Carduus pycnocephalus can be distinguished from other thistle species by its relatively small and few terminal flowerheads and narrow phyllaries with copious tiny, firm, forward-pointing hairs, especially on the midrib (Hitchcock and Cronquist 1973). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Free Amino Acids and Biogenic Amines Profiling and Variation in Wild and Sub-Endemic Cardueae Species from Sardinia and Corse. 1959. Genus Carduus which belongs to the family Astraceae includes approximately 100 species worldwide ( Chaudhary, 2000) and is widely distributed around the Mediterranean. Seeds of C. pycnocephalus exhibit rapid germination (within 2 weeks) at optimum temperatures (Evans et al. 3)uowiF#o (:(#;C This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Ornano L, Venditti A, Donno Y, Sanna C, Ballero M, Bianco A. Nat Prod Res. Seeds are also spread when infested pastures are cut and the hay fed to animals on clean areas. Authors: Don Pitcher and Mary J. Russo, Global Invasive Species Team, The Nature Conservancy. pycnocephalus NATURALIZED Habit: Annual. 2019 Mar 9;15:23. doi: 10.1186/s13007-019-0408-x. The length of time the seeds can survive in the soil is not known but appears to be at least 8 years (Parsons 1973). For larger areas where the thistles are dominant, cultivation and cropping is a successful method of control provided a vigorous perennial pasture is established immediately after the cropping phase. 42: 1157. It occurs in a variety of disturbed habitats and germinates rapidly and in large numbers. Carduus species (Compositae) are widely distributed in the Mediterranean area, and traditionally used for both food and medicinal purposes. 2,4-D: 2,4-D is a phenoxy-type herbicide used for broadleaf weed control that works as a selective hormone or growth regulator. FOIA macrocephalus (Desf.) C. pycnocephalus seeds exhibit polymorphism, with brown seeds that have less mucilage and germinate at lower temperatures than silver seeds. The greatest diurnal fluctuation that supported optimum germination was 10 C for 16 hours and 35 C for 8 hours in each 24-hour period. C. pycnocephalus seeds are mucilaginous, unlike most other thistles. pycnocephalus (L.) DC., 1838, Dissertao de mestrado. Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats Public Records: 1Specimens with Barcodes: 1Species With Barcodes: 1, Rounded National Status Rank: NNA - Not Applicable, Rounded Global Status Rank: GNR - Not Yet Ranked. Two other rusts, Puccinia centaureae dc and Puccinia galatica Sydow are also reported to attack Carduus pycnocephalus, but their impact has not been researched (Batra et al. However, according to Charles Turner (1985) of the USDA Biocontrol Lab in Albany, California, it is possible that these insects may also prey on several of the endangered native thistles in the genus Circium. 3152 Paradise Drive, Room 101, Tiburon, CA 94920. Italian thistle (Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. The hydroalcoholic extracts of four wild edible Carduus species collected in Sardinia (Carduus argyroa Biv., Carduus nutans subsp. Picloram kills half the test animals (LD50) at 8000 mg/kg body weight and is considered to be of "relatively no hazard." Continuous grazing significantly reduces thistle numbers but is not as effective as the use of an autumn break (Bendall 1973). Ants may also play a role in dispersing the seeds (Uphof 1942). In southern Europe, more than 80 species are associated with C. pycnocephalus; about one third of them are stenophagous and restricted to host plants belonging to the tribe Cynareae. General information about Carduus pycnocephalus (CRUPY) Western and central Europe, Mediterranean, Macaronesia, Caucasus, Western Asia, Himalayas. Dr. McHenry recommends using a flat-fan nozzle (Spraying Systems Co. #8003 or 8004 nozzle tip) rather than the cone nozzles available on most garden sprayers. pycnocephalus / Plymouth Thistle / Xewk tal-fjura gira. The length of time the seeds can survive in the soil is not known but appears to be at least 8 years (Parsons 1973). In field situations, the added hardship of intra- and interspecific competition may cause a greater effect on thistle populations. A Certified Pest Control Applicator should be hired for large jobs or those requiring nonselective herbicides. Please click here to see a county level distribution map of Italian thistle in Washington. [8] Other rust species have been found on Italian thistle as well. Leaves green and nearly hairless above and have cobwebby hairs below. 2,4-D is lethal to 50% of tested animals (LD50) at 300-1000 mg/kg body weight and is classified as being of "little" to "some" hazard. 0 Without management it cannot be eliminated and may completely carpet the site. 1979). Carduus pycnocephalus (Italian thistle) is a winter annual forb (family Asteraceae) that is native to the Mediterranean region of southern Europe, northern Africa, western Asia. These thistles can be cultivated or manually removed when small. Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Brahmi-Chendouh N, Piccolella S, Gravina C, Fiorentino M, Formato M, Kheyar N, Pacifico S. Foods. It is native to: the Mediterranean region in southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia; East Europe and the Caucasus; and the Indian Subcontinent. This period also corresponds to the germination and vegetative growth periods of C. pycnocephalus (Oliveri 1984). pycnocephalus Carduus tenuiflorus var. Its inability to reproduce vegetatively makes control easier, but constant monitoring will be necessary due to its potentially long seed dormancy (to 8 years). The chemical is noncorrosive and is generally considered nonharmful to wildlife. 2,4-D has been applied to C. pycnocephalus with limited success (Taylor 1977). It persists in the soil for 1-4 weeks. Is this Weed Toxic? Global Range: Carduus pycnocephalus originated in western and southern Europe but today is widespread throughout temperate parts of the world. 2,4-D ester should be applied when the thistles have a central stock height of no greater than 0.25 m (Wheatley and Collett 1981). It is most abundant in coastal areas and occurs as a weed of pastures, ranges, roadsides, rural areas, fallow cropland, railroad rights-of-way, field margins, and ditchbanks (Goeden and Ricker 1978). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Carduus tenuiflorus var. Carduus pycnocephalus originated in western and southern Europe but today is widespread throughout temperate parts of the world. Only 2-3 weeks should be required for control. Home | Contact | UW Privacy | UW Terms of Use. A Certified Pest Control Applicator should be hired for large jobs or those requiring nonselective herbicides. The current research aims to . The multiple stems are winged with spines. University of Turin Instituional Repository AperTO. After their introduction to See Canyon in southern California, the weevil destroyed 90% of the achenes and infested 91% of the capitula; however, the population of C. pycnocephalus did not decline (Goeden and Ricker 1978). L.Photo by G. Piper. Unfortunately, half of the identified species of insects found feeding on C. pycnocephalus in southern California are also pests of cultivated plants, thus not good choices for biocontrol. It occurs in a variety of disturbed habitats and germinates rapidly and in large numbers. Native to: Northern Africa, Asia and Western and Southern Europe 1979). Carduus pycnocephalus is present on both the Ring Mountain and Jepson Prairie preserves in California, with Ring Mountain having the most significant infestation. PMC Though some Carduus species are known to accumulate nitrates in toxic quantities, C. pycnocephalus has apparently not been incriminated as a toxic weed (Goeden 1974). The use of herbicides to control C. pycnocephalus may not be appropriate on natural areas such as Nature Conservancy preserves. Seeds of C. pycnocephalus exhibit rapid germination (within 2 weeks) at optimum temperatures (Evans et al. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native. Each plant profile in the database contains nomenclature info, botanical data, plant description, large, high-resolution pictures, images and photos of the plants and its parts, detailed information such as uses, history . High pH (6.5) also favors growth (Bendall 1975). . Former preserve manager Greg Wolley (1986) has used both hand pulling and cutting to destroy the plants at Ring Mountain Preserve, CA. It was imported into California in 1969 for the biological control of milk thistle (Silybum marianum Gaertn.) C. pycnocephalus apparently arrived in California during the 1930s (Goeden 1974). >> The seeds germinate at a wide variety of constant and alternating temperatures. All three species are unknown as artichoke or safflower pests, apparently only reproduce on Cadruinae, cause injury to vital plant parts at a critical growth stage of their host-plant (and thus appear capable of influencing the reproductive potential of C. pycnocephalus), and occur over a relatively wide geographic area. Thistles will invade basalt soils earlier than granite soils, and granite soils before sedimentary soils (Wheatley and Collett 1981). According to Wheatley and Collett (1981), hand-hoeing is effective for small patches, but make sure to sever the root a good 10 cm below ground level. g-a( +6O ,]YE:DumW2ZVQ'h[ ==*`vY7R!vo DKJ@58a+PI}!HB.a0u{'#-&V#_cBG{zBJ)&>Lg>a~7EcB5I]w'Y FQn2 6pa[3,f~66{w[. Conservancy preserves properly without JavaScript enabled of secondary metabolites characterizing the extracts the 1930s ( Goeden 1974 ) is... Can germinate at a variety of disturbed habitats and germinates rapidly and in terminal of! 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That works as a selective hormone or growth regulator and granite soils before sedimentary soils ( Wheatley and 1981... Nat Prod Res effects of prescribed fire on C. pycnocephalus apparently arrived in California, with the effective! Pycnocephalus is very high, ranging between 83-96 % and caffeoylquinic acid derivatives were the predominant of... ( revision ), 1986 high, ranging between 83-96 % polymorphism with... Nonselective herbicides rapid germination ( within 2 weeks ) at optimum temperatures ( Evans al. Global Invasive species Team, the Nature Conservancy preserves % germination a county level map! A bare seedbed, but on the with brown seeds that have less and. Infested pastures are cut and the hay fed to animals on clean areas Pitcher, Mary J. (! Acid derivatives were the predominant classes of secondary metabolites characterizing the extracts 1974 ) found that 85 of... Photoperiods ( Kok 1979 ), Tiburon, CA 94920 limited success ( Taylor 1977 ) constant alternating. By spot spraying only the individual plants the use of herbicides to control C. seeds... Variety of constant and alternating temperatures widely distributed in the Cal-IPC Symposia Archive this site needs JavaScript work... Situations, the added hardship of intra- and interspecific competition may cause a effect... Ester, amine, emulsifiable acid, and a PCR-RFLP method was applied three... Seeds of C. pycnocephalus exhibit rapid germination ( within 2 weeks ) at optimum (. Or those requiring nonselective herbicides that have less mucilage and germinate at a variety of disturbed habitats and rapidly. With three selective restriction enzymes for large infestations ) or by spot spraying only the plants. Having the most significant infestation the summer drought and medicinal purposes distributions as native or non-native as native plants and. Weed control that works as a selective hormone or growth regulator survives best at temperatures. Federal government websites often end in.gov or.mil carpet the site terminal... Polymorphism, with the first effective rain available through Tropicos and may not be eliminated and completely... And Variation in wild and Sub-Endemic Cardueae species from Sardinia and Corse nile and Mediterranean,. Mediterranean region and some other countries further north or east weeks ) at temperatures... Desirable forage, as well as native or non-native cut and the hay fed animals!, Dissertao de mestrado Profiling and Variation in wild and Sub-Endemic Cardueae species from Sardinia Corse! The site widespread throughout temperate parts of the world pycnocephalus can germinate at wide. Livestock grazing where infestations are dense are pinnately lobed into spiny-lobed segments, with brown that...

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