He was fond of symphonic music, and his tastes were generally simple. Early on the morning of Thursday, June 4, 1942, Nagumos carriers launched a 108-plane strike against Midway and inflicted United States airbase targeted by the Japanese in preparation to invade Hawaii. Spruance was a dedicated sailorthorough in his absorption of all aspects of training and techniques. https://www.thoughtco.com/admiral-raymond-spruance-2360511 (accessed March 1, 2023). For his actions, Spruance received the Distinguished Service Medal and, later that month, Nimitz named him as his Chief of Staff and Aide. Spruance did not want to leave troops on the Marianas islands unguarded as he chased Jisaburo Ozawas retreating fleet. Admiral Spruance was buried with full honors alongside Admirals Nimitz and Kelly Turner in a military cemetery overlooking San Francisco Bay. Before Midway, a small and fractional U.S. Navy faced an overwhelmingly larger and battle-hardened Japanese Combined Fleet. After his flagship, the IJN Hiryu, was fatally damaged, he and the Hiryu's captain Tomeo Kaku locked themselves in the bridge and went down with their ship. [14][15] For his actions at the battle of Midway Rear Admiral Spruance was awarded the Navy Distinguished Service Medal and cited as follows: "For exceptionally meritorious service as Task Force Commander, United States Pacific Fleet. Naval History and Heritage Command, "Biography of Raymond A. Spruance Press Release July 24, 1941, United States Navy Department", "Adm Spruance's Fitrep after Battle of Midway", Citation, Navy Cross, Raymond A. Spruance, "Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance America's Navy", "News Release: Navy Names Two New Guided Missile Destroyers", "War & Remembrance (Part 3) (May 26 July 25, 1942)", "War & Remembrance (Part 3) (May 26 July 25, 1942) 1988", Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 19411942, The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 19421944, Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 19441945, United States Ambassadors to the Philippines, Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond_A._Spruance&oldid=1137739908, Ambassadors of the United States to the Philippines, High Commissioners of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army), Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States), Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Articles with dead external links from December 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 6 February 2023, at 05:43. He did not discuss his private life, feelings, prejudices, hopes or fears, except with his family and his closest friends. By then 43 years old, Commander Spruance went to sea againaboard the battleship Mississippi from 1929 to 1931. Biographies, 20th century collection, Navy Department Library, Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath, Spruance, Raymond A. Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance was a key American naval commander who served in the Pacific Theater of World War II.A graduate of the US Naval Academy, Spruance commanded cruisers during the early months of the conflict and first came to prominence for helping lead American forces to victory at the pivotal Battle of Midway in June 1942. Adding to the surprise factor was the fact that Admirals Yamamoto and Nagumo did not believe the U.S. Pacific Fleet was at sea. My personal congratulations. Besides his family, he loved the companionship of his pet schnauzer, Peter. "Foreward for Midway." US Naval Institute Proceedings 81, no. [6], Following his return to the United States, Spruance served aboard transport ship USS Agamemnon, before he was ordered to Bath Iron Works in Bath, Maine, for duty in connection with fitting out of destroyer USS Aaron Ward in March 1919. The U.S. fleet lost fewer men, but it lost a fleet carrier while the Japanese lost only the light carrier Shoho. Photograph Courtesy of the US Naval History & Heritage Command. His division was an element of the task force built around the aircraft carrier USSEnterprise and commanded by Vice Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr. Admiral Nimitz praised Spruance for a remarkable job. Web. He organized the Japanese counterattack on the American carriers and is credited with the sinking of the USS Yorktown, the only American Carrier sunk at Midway. They follow returning American pilots and damage the Yorktown, but receiving more than 50% casualties. All four of Japans aircraft carriers were sunk, devastating Japans ambitions in the Pacific. In 1939 he was promoted to the rank of Rear Admiral. A decisive victory, Spruance and Fletcher's actions at Midway helped turn the tide of the Pacific war in favor of the Allies. When Vice Adm. Bull Halsey was confined to a hospital with a skin disease, Pacific Fleet Commander Nimitz appointed Spruance to succeed him as commander of Task Force 16. [Admiral Spruance wrote this foreward for Mitsuo Fuchida's book, Midway, The Battle That Doomed Japan; The Japanese Navy's . Spruance was portrayed by Glenn Ford (a US Naval Reserve officer himself) in the 1976 film Midway, and by Jake Weber in the 2019 film Midway. Terms of Use| More to his liking was the study of foreign methods of naval fire control, which took him to London and Edinburgh. A number of torpedo squadrons from the airfields and carriers launch attacks on the Japanese carriers but score no hits and almost all planes involved were shot down. For about 20 minutes, fighters, dive bombers and torpedo bombers pounded the island, carefully avoiding damaging the runways because the Japanese hoped to eventually use them. Admiral William L. Calhoun saw him as a cold-blooded fighting fool. Lt Tomanaga leads Japanese Torpedo Bombers to attack the remaining carriers. Aircraft carrier that served as the flagship of Task Force 17 and Admiral Fletcher. The following year, they made me executive officer of the transport Agamemnon, bringing troops home from France. Spruance rewarded his trust by playing a decisive role in the US victory at the Battle Of Midway. [27], Spruance was an active man who thought nothing of walking eight or 10 miles a day. He withdrew his ships westward, still hoping to draw Spruance into a trap. His flagship was badly damaged by the Japanese and was hit by two torpedoes from a Japanese submarine before sinking. His air group is credited with the sinking of 4 Japanese aircraft carriers during Midway. This was followed by a promotion to Deputy Commander in Chief, US Pacific Fleet in September. In May 1914, Spruance received a posting as Assistant to the Inspector of Machinery at the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company. By 1939, at the age of 53, Spruance had spent 18 years at sea. He was fond of symphonic music, and his tastes were generally simple. The Japanese managed to inflict only superficial damage on three ships. It was a cool, clear day. His classmates included Arthur L. Bristol, William L. Calhoun, William A. Glassford, Charles C. Hartigan, Aubrey W. Fitch, Frank J. Fletcher, Robert L. Ghormley, Isaac C. Kidd, John S. McCain Sr., Leigh Noyes, Ferdinand L. Reichmuth, John H. Towers, Russell Willson, and Thomas Withers. His work would bring him a gold star in lieu of a second Distinguished Service Medal. Though this gamble paid off, Enterprise air squadrons would pay a heavy price, flying in piece-meal and mostly without fighter escort. Spruance began World War II as a gunship admiral, commanding a division of . During the operation, the Fifth Fleet burned up 630 million gallons of fuelmore than the entire Pacific Fleet used in 1943. Summing up his appraisal of this outstanding sailor, Morison noted: Spruance in the Battle of the Philippine Sea, overriding Mitscher the carrier expert in letting the enemy planes come at him instead of going in search of them, won the second most decisive battle of the Pacific war. After Midway, although the Japanese still held a temporary advantage in vessels and planes, the U.S. Navy and the nation gained confidence and, most critically, time. About his intellect he was equally unpretentious: Some people believe that when I am quiet that I am thinking some deep and important thoughts, when the fact is that I am thinking of nothing at all. The Japanese carriers were beginning to launch fighters as Torpedo 8 roared down to attack, without fighter cover. Fletcher quickly ordered his dive bombers to strike, which fatally damaged the fourth Japanese carrier; it was scuttled the next day. He graduated from Shortridge High School and went on to the U.S. Successfully concluding operations, Spruance was promoted to admiral in February. [13] But in summing up Spruance's performance in the battle, Morison wrote: "Fletcher did well, but Spruance's performance was superb. It would become on of the last aircraft carriers to be sunk in a war in all of history during the battle of Leyte Gulf 2-3 years later. The other U.S. flattop, Yorktown, escaped with one bomb hit. help him spread the Gospel?Here is your goal for this assignment:Write a report discussing how education can be a key ingredient of effective ministryIn a report of 250-500 words, i.e., one-half to one-page, provide at least three ways in which Paul's education helped him to be more effective in his ministry. It was hit and sunk by American dive bombers and the submarine USS Nautilus. Most common sailors were proud to serve under Halsey; most higher-ranking officers preferred to serve under Spruance. On June 19, however, hundreds of planes from nine Japanese aircraft carriers attacked the Fifth Fleet. From there, he went on to graduate from the U.S. Answer: Admiral Yamamoto had hoped to fight a classic-style sea battle with battleships, but Spruance had proved that the aircraft carrier was now emerging as the capital ship of naval combat forces. Hickman, Kennedy. Provide at least two examples.Certain lessons in New Testament Survey, as well as outside sources, may be of help to you as you write your report. He enjoyed hot chocolate and would make it for himself every morning. For more great articles subscribe to World War II magazine today! United States Admiral in command of naval units on the Pacific Theatre in 1942. They were hurled back decisively, and the losses353 enemy planes downed, 21 U.S. aircraft lostamazed the Americans. During World War II, he was commander in the . Armed with this information, Fletcher ordered Spruance to launch a strike at the Japanese with Enterprise and Hornet while holding Yorktown in reserve in case the other Japanese carriers were discovered. Admiral Spruance explained the U.S. victory at Midway in the following way. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. He commanded U.S. naval forces during one of the most significant naval battles that took place in the Pacific Theatre: the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Admiral Spruance said that what they did was to wait until the Japanese ships were refueling, carrying weapons, and preparing their aircraft to attack them because the Japanese were in a vulnerable position. Then, reflect on the education opportunities that God has provided us today. Some people asked why he did not take take advantage of the chaotic scene to attack all of Japans air carriers. He took part in organising the invasions of Iwo Jima and Okinawa and led the 5th Fleet in these two final battles. Answer: Admiral Yamamoto had hoped to fight a classic-style sea battle with battleships, but Spruance had proved that the aircraft carrier was now emerging as the capital ship of naval combat forces. Returning to Newport, Spruance remained at the college until retiring from the US Navy on July 1, 1948. He's one of the finest officers I know of. C. The Roman Catholic Church developed in Constantinople. [31] The series, based on Herman Wouk's book of the same name, shows Spruance's decision to end the battle and retreat rather than confront the rest of the Japanese fleet as having been opposed by his subordinates, and he was mocked behind his back as "lacking the stomach." >The fleet units shielding the Marianas invasion forces were also under Spruances command. Graduating from Annapolis three years later, he served two years at sea before receiving his commission as an ensign on September 13, 1908. Meanwhile, the Japanese attack on the Aleutian Islands had been carried out as planned on June 3. Born on 3 July 1886, Spruance graduated from the US Naval Academy in 1906. At the crucial Battle of Midway, your daring and skilled leadership routed the enemy in the full tide of his advance and established the pattern of air-sea warfare which was to lead to his eventual capitulation. Although there are no options attached we can say the following. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/admiral-raymond-spruance-2360511. The son of Alexander and Annie Spruance, Raymond Ames Spruance was born at Baltimore, MD on July 3, 1886. After further schooling at the Stevens Preparatory School in New Jersey, Spruance applied to and was accepted by the US Naval Academy in 1903. Japanese Vice Admiral in command of the Japanese Carrier strike force based on the Aircraft Carrier IJN Akagi. Spruance was an active man who thought nothing of walking eight or 10 miles a day. Japanese propagandists pointed to their success in the Aleutians to offset the defeat at Midway, but actually the Aleutians were of little strategic value. Japanese supporting aircraft carrier in the corresponding Aleutian Islands Invasion. Japanese Admiral in command of the second division of the carrier strike force based on Aircraft Carrier IJN Hiryu. A squadron of US Dive bombers which had arrived late after getting lost ambush the Japanese carriers bombing and resulting in the sinking of three out of four carriers. Besides, the Japanese only had 35 serviceable planes left, rendering her carriers toothless. Close to Japan, Allied planners intended to use Okinawa as a springboard for the eventual invasion of the Home Islands. Carrier units of his force penetrated waters of the Japanese homeland and Nansei Shoto. He graduated from the U.S. He commanded U.S. naval forces during two of the most significant naval battles that took place in the Pacific Theatre: the Battle of Midway and the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Leaving, he assumed command of USS Mississippi. On February 26, 1940, Spruance reported as commandant of the 10th Naval District with headquarters at Naval Station Isla Grande in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The Japanese lost 19 ships sunk, seven probably sunk and more than 200 aircraft destroyed, and their installations were bombed and strafed. "When I look at myself objectively," he wrote in retirement, "I think that what success I may have achieved through life is largely due to the fact that I am a good judge of men. Write down what your favorite food is and why to get 50 points :), Select TWO facts about the relationship between Constantinople and Christianity. The Navy, by law, was limited to four Fleet Admirals; three of these appointments were obvious: Ernest King, Chester Nimitz and William Leahy. [9] On the other hand, commander-in-chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester Nimitz knew he must intercept the Japanese invasion fleet, and that he must give battle to the enemy aircraft carriers before they could project their overwhelming power against the naval air station at Midway. [21] Buell quotes Spruance speaking with Morison: As a matter of tactics I think that going out after the Japanese and knocking their carriers out would have been much better and more satisfactory than waiting for them to attack us, but we were at the start of a very important and large amphibious operation and we could not afford to gamble and place it in jeopardy. Subscribe to receive our weekly newsletter with top stories from master historians. Two years later, Spruance again received orders for the Naval War College and taught on the staff until April 1938. Although he broke the back of the Japanese naval air force by sinking three carriers, two oilers and destroying about 600 enemy airplanes (so many that the remaining Japanese carriers were used solely as decoys in the Battle of Leyte Gulf a few months later due to the lack of aircraft and aircrews to fly them) Spruance has been criticized for not being aggressive enough in exploiting his success in the Philippine Sea. Raymond A. Spruance was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on 3 July 1886. [17], The Battle of Midway is considered by many to be a turning point of the war in the Pacific, along with the Guadalcanal campaign. During this period, Spruance served aboard USS Minnesota (BB-22) during the cruise of the Great White Fleet. No matter what other people tell you, your decision was correct". "World War II: Admiral Raymond Spruance." Its commanding officers Admiral Yamaguchi and the ship's captain both stayed aboard their ship. Japanese submarine I-168 torpedoes and torpedoes a damaged US aircraft carrier and its escorting destroyer. Raymond A. Spruance. A graduate of the US Naval Academy, Spruance commanded cruisers during the early months of the conflict and first came to prominence for helping lead American forces to victory at the pivotal Battle of Midway in June 1942. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. "World War II: Admiral Raymond Spruance." Was the site of a naval battle between the United States and Japan in 1942. Spruance was about to face the sternest test in his long, distinguished career. Spruance became Commander of the 5th Fleet in November 1943, which presented him with command of the Central Pacific Forces. A total of 1,132 enemy planes were put out of action. Though the fourth, Hiryu, managed to launch bombers which caused critical damage to Yorktown, it too was sunk when American aircraft returned later in the day. By that time, he was said to be an expert on the many engines, instruments and guns that go into a battleship. Retribution was not long in coming. A number of strategic and tactical errors contributed to the Japanese defeat: Yamamotos virtual isolation on the bridge of Yamato and his failure to maintain an overall grip on the strategic situation; a loss of nerve on the part of Nagumo; tradition that led Yamaguchi and other enemy commanders to go down with their ships instead of trying to recover the initiative; insufficient reconnaissance against the U.S. carriers; a lack of high-altitude fighter cover; inadequate fire precautions aboard the ships; and the launching of airstrikes from all four fleet carriers at the same time, so that there was a critical period when the Japanese carrier force had little defensive capability. At the end of the Second World War Congress created a limited number of five-star ranks for the Army and the Navy, designated General of the Army and Fleet Admiral. Shortly after the Midway battle, Spruance became chief of staff to Admiral Nimitz, and in September 1942 was appointed as Deputy Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet. Historian Samuel Eliot Morison believed he was one of the greatest fighting and thinking admirals in American naval history. Nagumo ordered his planes rearmed on their return. Admiral Spruance died on 13 December 1969, at his home in Pebble Beach , California. Serving in Manila, Spruance remained abroad until resigning his post in 1955. [28], His achievements in the navy were well known, but himself much less. Admiral Raymond Spruance on the balcony of the U.S. Embassy, Manila, while serving as U.S. 1155 (August 1946): 144-157. President Harry S. Truman appointed him ambassador to the Philippines in January 1952, and he served until March 1955. The carriers were on station on June 2, and the following day Japanese transport ships were spotted 600 miles west of Midway Island. McClusky led one squadron, VB-6, against the carrier Kaga, while the other Enterprise squadron pounced on Nagumos flagship, Akagi. Admiral Spruance no.__!t to seek and destroy the Imperial Japanese Navy in a "decisive battle." Rather, Spruance chose to place highest priority on covering and defending the United States (U.S.) amphibious forces that were in the initial phase of the invasion of Salpan. Four days after the invasion, all immediate objectives had been taken, and by February 8, 1944, all organized resistance had ceased. A. Desegregation of Society Admiral Spruance could have been right. Spruances fleet had prevented the Japanese from reinforcing the Saipan garrison. The attack fails to destroy any airfields or major targets. He never did things the same way twice. The Navy honored Spruance by giving his name to a new class of 30 destroyers, the first of which, USS Spruance, was launched in 1973. World War II: Fleet Admiral William Halsey Jr. World War II Pacific: The Japanese Advance Stopped, M.S., Information and Library Science, Drexel University, B.A., History and Political Science, Pennsylvania State University. After Rome fell, the bishop of Constantinople became the most pow In the fighting, the Japanese lost three carriers and around 600 aircraft. At that moment 37 Douglas Dauntless bombers from the USS Enterprise peeled off into a dive attack on two . He managed to gain an appointment from Indiana to the U.S. In 1949, naval historian Samuel Eliot Morison noted that Spruance was subjected to criticism for not pursuing the retreating Japanese and allowing the surface fleet to escape. When Yorktown was struck at Midway, however, Fletcher transferred his flag to the cruiser Astoria and placed Spruance tactically in charge. United States Aircraft Carrier attached to Task Force 16. His steady rise, according to Newsweek magazine, has borne the imprint of his personalityunobtrusive but undeviating. How can these and the knowledge they provide be used to spread His Word? [22] Spruance later chose the battleship USSNew Jersey as his flagship, as the huge Iowa-class battleship had both room for his staff and the speed to keep up with the fast carrier task forces. With World War I raging, he became Assistant Engineer Officer of the New York Navy Yard. On April 28, the last day of the invasion, Spruances command was redesignated as the Fifth Fleet. ), honoris causa degree from Central Philippine University in 1955, an institution of higher learning founded by the American Baptist missionary, William Orison Valentine in 1905. He held that post until the following February, when he was ordered back to the Naval War College at Newportthis time as president. Of Midway Island sunk and more than 50 % casualties in 1942 sinking of 4 Japanese aircraft carriers the... 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